"njuries are universal, fatalities are widespread." Air blast (4.64 miles or 7.5km wide) - This shows a blast area of 5 pounds per square inch, which is powerful enough to collapse most residential buildings and rupture eardrums.Radiation (1.24 miles or 2km wide) - A nuclear bomb's gamma and other radiation are so intense in this zone that 50 percent or more of people die within "several hours to several weeks," according to Nukemap.Fireball (0.56 miles or 900m wide) - In the area closest to the bomb's detonation site, searing flames incinerate most buildings, objects, and people.The main effects of the nuclear blast display as four coloured zones: Nukemap 2.5/Alex Wellerstein Google Maps Business Insider Some experts believe that device, perhaps a thermonuclear bomb, yielded an explosion of roughly 150 kilotons' worth of TNT. We decided to test Nukemap 2.5 using its preset for the North Korean government's September 3 underground test blast. "I hope that people will come to understand what a nuclear weapon would do to places they are familiar with, and how the different sizes of nuclear weapons change the results," Wellerstein wrote on his site.
The updated tool also lets you export your scenarios, load them into mapping software like Google Earth, and explore them in 3D. Nukemap 2.5's new features let you see where a cloud of radioactive fallout might drift based on local weather conditions.įallout refers to the dirt and debris that get sucked up by a nuclear blast, irradiated to dangerous levels, pushed into the atmosphere, and sprinkled over great distances. Users thus far have set off more than 124 million explosions in Nukemap. The first version of Wellerstein's tool came out in February 2012, but he upgraded it to version 2.5 this month. The tool can even estimate fatalities and injuries for a given weapon yield, altitude, and location. Preset options let you pick historic and recent blasts, including the recent North Korean test explosion and Tsar Bomba - the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated. The software uses declassified equations and models about nuclear weapons and their effects - fireball size, air-blast radius, radiation zones, and more - to crunch the numbers, then renders the results as graphics inside Google Maps. To illustrate that reality, Nukemap lets you build a hypothetical nuclear bomb and drop it anywhere on Earth. The reality is somewhere in between," he wrote.
"Some people think destroy everything in the world all once, some people think they are not very different from conventional bombs. To help the world understand what might happen if a nuclear weapon exploded, Wellerstein created an interactive browser app called Nukemap. Lesion shape and peripheral zone sparing in general do not predict Gleason 7+ cancer within PI-RADS 4 observations.ĭiagnostic accuracy PI-RADS Positive predictive value Prostate cancer Risk stratification."We live in a world where nuclear weapons issues are on the front pages of our newspapers on a regular basis, yet most people still have a very bad sense of what an exploding nuclear weapon can actually do," Alex Wellerstein, a historian of science at Stevens Institute of Technology, wrote on his website. Lesions overcalled as PI-RADS 4 have PPV similar to published PI-RADS 3 data. Peripheral zone PI-RADS 4 lesions with a DWI score of 4 are more likely Gleason 7+ cancer than those with a DWI score of 3.
Lesions scored as "not meeting PI-RADS 4 criteria" had significantly lower PPV (p = 0.016-0.003 Reader 1 PPV: 14%, Reader 2 PPV: 16%). Pattern of peripheral zone sparing and most lesion shapes were not predictive (p > 0.05) however, oval lesions were predictive for Reader 1 (PPV = 59%, p = 0.03) and lentiform lesions were predictive for Reader 2 (PPV = 74%, p = 0.01). PI-RADS 4 lesions with a DWI score of 4 were more likely to represent Gleason 7+ prostate cancer (p = 0.008-0.01 Reader 1 PPV: 53% Reader 2 PPV: 48%). Predictors were assessed with binary logistic regression. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated. Reference standard was targeted MR-ultrasound fusion biopsy and detection of Gleason 7+ prostate cancer. Peripheral zone PI-RADS 4 observations prospectively identified at the study institution from to (n = 170 in 149 mpMRIs) were reviewed independently by two blinded genitourinary radiologists on the basis of (a) PI-RADS v2 shape, (b) pattern of peripheral zone sparing, and (c) rationale for PI-RADS 4 designation. This was an IRB-approved HIPAA-compliant retrospective diagnostic accuracy study. To determine whether peripheral zone PI-RADS 4 observations can be further risk-stratified.